Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Heartburn gets brushed off all the time. Pop an antacid, take a sip of cold milk, and hope for the best. But here’s the truth: When acid reflux becomes a chronic problem, it stops being harmless. It turns into something more serious, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), and it deserves proper attention.

And yet, we’re failing to address it. Not because we don’t have the tools, but because the gap between what medical science knows and what the public understands is massive.

Despite nearly three decades of clear recommendations for screening long-term GERD patients for Barrett’s oesophagus, a precancerous condition, most people still don’t get screened. Some sources say up to 70% of eligible patients are missed. That’s not just a statistic. That’s a missed chance to prevent cancer.

This April, during Oesophageal Cancer Awareness Month, it’s time to shift gears and close that gap.

Let’s talk about what GERD really is, what causes it, and how you can take control of it — not just mask the symptoms.

What is GERD?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder where acid from the stomach flows back into the oesophagus, the tube connecting your mouth and stomach.

This backwash (acid reflux) irritates the lining of your oesophagus and, over time, can lead to complications like inflammation, ulcers, narrowing of the oesophagus, or Barrett’s oesophagus, which increases the risk of oesophageal cancer.

So, what’s acid reflux disease? It’s GERD when it’s not occasional but consistent, uncomfortable, and potentially dangerous.

Common Symptoms of GERD

GERD symptoms vary in intensity and frequency, but the most common ones include:

• Frequent heartburn (a burning feeling in the chest)
• Regurgitation of food or sour liquid
• Difficulty swallowing
• Chronic cough or sore throat
• Sensation of a lump in the throat
• Chest pain (often mistaken for heart-related issues)
• Hoarseness or voice changes

Some patients also experience worsened symptoms when lying down or after eating, which leads to another common concern: how to sleep better with GERD? We’ll get to that.

What Causes GERD?

GERD is primarily caused by a weakened or dysfunctional lower oesophageal sphincter (LES), the valve between the oesophagus and stomach. When this valve doesn’t close properly, stomach acid can escape into the oesophagus. 

Risk factors include:

• Obesity
• Smoking
• Pregnancy
• Hiatal hernia
• Certain medications (e.g., antihistamines, calcium channel blockers)
• Eating large meals or lying down after eating

How is GERD Diagnosed?

At Aadicura, we begin with a comprehensive evaluation of your medical history and symptoms. Diagnostic tests may include:

• Upper endoscopy: To examine the oesophagus and check for inflammation
• pH monitoring: Measures acid levels in the oesophagus
• Oesophageal manometry: Tests the function of the oesophageal muscles
• Barium swallow: An X-ray exam to detect abnormalities

Early diagnosis is key to managing GERD effectively and preventing complications like oesophagitis or Barrett’s oesophagus.

Best Treatment Options for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Managing GERD usually involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medications, and, in some cases, surgery.

Lifestyle Modifications

Lifestyle changes are often the first line of defence. These include:

• Weight management: Losing excess weight reduces pressure on the stomach.
• Dietary adjustments: Knowing which foods to avoid with GERD is essential. Common triggers include spicy foods, chocolate, caffeine, alcohol, fatty foods, and citrus.
• Eating habits: Avoid large meals, eat slowly, and don’t lie down immediately after eating.
• Sleeping tips: To learn how to sleep better with GERD, elevate your bed head by 15 to 20 cm and sleep on your left side.
• Quit smoking: Smoking weakens the LES and increases reflux.

Foods to Avoid with GERD

Identifying and avoiding food triggers is a crucial part of managing acid reflux. Here are the top foods to avoid with GERD:

• Spicy foods
• Fried or fatty meals
• Chocolate
• Onions and garlic
• Caffeine (coffee, tea, cola)
• Alcohol
• Citrus fruits and juices
• Tomatoes and tomato-based products

Keeping a food diary can help track symptoms and identify personal triggers. Avoiding these items can significantly reduce flare-ups and improve quality of life.

Medications

When lifestyle changes aren’t enough, medications can provide relief. Options include:

• Antacids: Quick relief for occasional symptoms
• H2 blockers: Reduce acid production (e.g., ranitidine)
• Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): More effective acid suppression (e.g., omeprazole)
• Prokinetics: Helps strengthen the LES and speed up stomach emptying

These treatments not only relieve symptoms but also help heal the oesophagus.

Surgical Treatments (For Severe Cases)

Surgery may be recommended for those who don’t respond to medication or wish to avoid long-term drug use. The most common procedure is fundoplication, where the top of the stomach is wrapped around the LES to strengthen it. Minimally invasive techniques make recovery faster and reduce risks.

Managing GERD for Long-Term Health

GERD is a chronic condition, but with the right treatment plan, you can control symptoms and protect your oesophagus. Regular follow-ups, avoiding triggers, and sticking to prescribed therapies are key. Incorporating natural acid reflux remedies like ginger tea or chewing sugar-free gum after meals can also offer additional relief.

Why Choose Aadicura Hospital for GERD Treatment?

Aadicura Hospital brings together experienced gastroenterologists, state-of-the-art diagnostic tools, and personalised care to offer effective GERD treatment. Our team prioritises accurate diagnosis, tailored treatment plans, and long-term management strategies.

We stay updated with the latest in reflux management and are committed to patient education, helping you understand what acid reflux disease is and how best to tackle it. Whether you’re seeking medical therapy, surgical intervention, or dietary counselling, our multidisciplinary approach ensures comprehensive care.

Conclusion 

GERD may be common, but it shouldn’t be ignored. Persistent symptoms need proper evaluation and treatment to prevent long-term complications. If you or a loved one is dealing with chronic heartburn or reflux, don’t wait.

Visit Aadicura Hospital today to consult with our gastro experts and take the first step towards lasting relief from gastroesophageal reflux disease. Your comfort starts with the right care.